Code can be found at industrial_training repository in gh_pages folder. Use kinetic branch.

Building a Simple PCL Interface for Python¶

In this exercise, we will fill in the appropriate pieces of code to build a perception pipeline. The end goal will be to create point cloud filtering operations to demonstrate functionality between ROS and python.

Prepare New Workspace:¶

We will create a new catkin workspace, since this exercise does not overlap with the previous PlanNScan exercises.

Disable automatic sourcing of your previous catkin workspace:
1. gedit ~/.bashrc
2. comment out # the last line, sourcing your ~/catkin_ws/devel/setup.bash
```
source /opt/ros/kinetic/setup.bash
```

Copy the template workspace layout and files:

cp -r ~/industrial_training/exercises/python-pcl_ws ~
cd ~/python-pcl_ws/

Initialize and Build this new workspace
```
catkin init
catkin build
```

Source the workspace

source ~/python-pcl_ws/devel/setup.bash

Download the PointCloud file and place the file in your home directory (~).
Import the new workspace into your QTCreator IDE: In QTCreator: File -> New Project -> Import -> Import ROS Workspace -> ~/python-pcl_ws

Intro (Review Existing Code)¶

Most of the infrastructure for a ros node has already been completed for you; the focus of this exercise is the perception algorithms/pipleline. The CMakelists.txt and package.xml are complete and a source file has been provided. You could build the source as is, but you would get errors. At this time we will explore the source code that has been provided - browse the provided py_perception_node.cpp file. This tutorial has been modified from training Exercise 5.1 Building a Perception Pipeline and as such the C++ code has already been set up. If something does not make sense, revisit that exercise. Open up the preception_node.cpp file and look over the filtering functions.

Create a Python Package¶

Now that we have converted several filters to C++ functions, we are ready to call it from a Python node. If you have not done so already, install PyCharm, community edition. This IDE has the necessary parser for editing, without it, you will not be able to review any syntax issues in Qt.

In the terminal, change the directory to your src folder. Create a new package inside your python-pcl_ws:
```
cd ~/python-pcl_ws/src/
catkin_create_pkg filter_call rospy roscpp perception_msgs
```
Check that your package was created:
```
ls
```

We will not be using ‘perception_msgs’ as we will not be creating custom messages in this course. It is included for further student knowledge. If you wish for a more in depth explanation including how to implement customer messages, here is a good MIT resource on the steps taken.

Open CMakeLists.txt. You can open the file in Pycharm or Qt (or you can use nano, emacs, vim, or sublime). Uncomment line 23, and save.
```
catkin_python_setup()
```

Creating setup.py¶

The setup.py file makes your python module available to the entire workspace and subsequent packages. By default, this isn’t created by the catkin_create_pkg command.

In your terminal type
```
gedit filter_call/setup.py
```
Copy and paste the following to the setup.py file (to paste into a terminal, Ctrl+Shift+V)
```
## ! DO NOT MANUALLY INVOKE THIS setup.py, USE CATKIN INSTEAD
from distutils.core import setup
from catkin_pkg.python_setup import generate_distutils_setup
# fetch values from package.xml
setup_args = generate_distutils_setup(
packages=[''],
package_dir={'': 'include'},
)
setup(**setup_args)
```
Change packages = [ . . . ], to your list of strings of the name of the folders inside your include folder. By convention, this will be the same name as the package, or filter_call . The configures filter_call/include/filter_call as a python module available to the whole workspace.
Save and close the file.

In order for this folder to be accessed by any other python script, the \__init__.py file must exist.

Create one in the terminal by typing:

touch filter_call/include/filter_call/__init__.py

Publishing the Point Cloud¶

As iterated before, we are creating a ROS C++ node to filter the point cloud when requested by a Python node running a service request for each filtering operation, resulting in a new, aggregated point cloud. Let’s start with modifying our C++ code to publish in a manner supportive to python. Remember, the C++ code is already done so all you need to do is write your python script and view the results in rviz.

Implement a Voxel Filter¶

In py_perception_node.cpp, uncomment the boolean function called filterCallBack (just above``main``) which performs in the service. This will be the service used by the python client to run subsequent filtering operations.

bool filterCallback(lesson_perception::FilterCloud::Request& request,
                    lesson_perception::FilterCloud::Response& response)
{
  pcl::PointCloud<pcl::PointXYZ>::Ptr cloud (new pcl::PointCloud<pcl::PointXYZ>);
  pcl::PointCloud<pcl::PointXYZ>::Ptr filtered_cloud (new pcl::PointCloud<pcl::PointXYZ>);

  if (request.pcdfilename.empty())
  {
    pcl::fromROSMsg(request.input_cloud, *cloud);
    ROS_INFO_STREAM("cloud size: " << cloud->size());
  }
  else
  {
    pcl::io::loadPCDFile(request.pcdfilename, *cloud);
  }

  if (cloud->empty())
  {
    ROS_ERROR("input cloud empty");
    response.success = false;
    return false;
  }

  switch (request.operation)
  {

    case lesson_perception::FilterCloud::Request::VOXELGRID :
    {
      filtered_cloud = voxelGrid(cloud, 0.01);
      break;
    }
    default :
    {
      ROS_ERROR("No valid request found");
      return false;
    }

   }

/*
 * SETUP RESPONSE
 */
  pcl::toROSMsg(*filtered_cloud, response.output_cloud);
  response.output_cloud.header=request.input_cloud.header;
  response.output_cloud.header.frame_id="kinect_link";
  response.success = true;
  return true;
}

Within main, uncomment line 240. Save and build.

priv_nh_.param<double>("leaf_size", leaf_size_, 0.0f);

Now that we have the framework for the filtering, open your terminal. Make sure you are in the filter_call directory. Create a scripts folder.
```
mkdir scripts
```
If Pycharm is still open, save and close. We need to open Pycharm from the terminal to make sure it is sourced correctly for C++ node to be heard. To open, source to the pycharm install directory:
```
cd ~/pycharm-community-2018.1.3/bin
./pycharm.sh
```
Once open, locate and right click on the folder scripts and create a new python file. Call it filter_call.py

Copy and paste the following code at the top of filter_call.py to import necessary libraries:

#!/usr/bin/env python

import rospy
import lesson_perception.srv
from sensor_msgs.msg import PointCloud2

We will create an if statement to run our python node when this file is executed. Initalize as follows:

if __name__ == '__main__':
    try:

    except Exception as e:
        print("Service call failed: %s" % str(e))

Include a rospy.spin() in the try block to look like the following:

if __name__ == '__main__':
    try:
        rospy.spin()
    except Exception as e:
        print("Service call failed: %s" % str(e))

Copy and paste the following inside the try block:

# =======================
# VOXEL GRID FILTER
# =======================

srvp = rospy.ServiceProxy('filter_cloud', lesson_perception.srv.FilterCloud)
req = lesson_perception.srv.FilterCloudRequest()
req.pcdfilename = rospy.get_param('~pcdfilename', '')
req.operation = lesson_perception.srv.FilterCloudRequest.VOXELGRID
# FROM THE SERVICE, ASSIGN POINTS
req.input_cloud = PointCloud2()

# ERROR HANDLING
if req.pcdfilename == '':
    raise Exception('No file parameter found')

# PACKAGE THE FILTERED POINTCLOUD2 TO BE PUBLISHED
res_voxel = srvp(req)
print('response received')
if not res_voxel.success:
    raise Exception('Unsuccessful voxel grid filter operation')

# PUBLISH VOXEL FILTERED POINTCLOUD2
pub = rospy.Publisher('/perception_voxelGrid', PointCloud2, queue_size=1, latch=True)
pub.publish(res_voxel.output_cloud)
print("published: voxel grid filter response")

Paste the following lines above the try block (still within the if statement) to initialize the python node and wait for the C++ node’s service.
```
rospy.init_node('filter_cloud', anonymous=True)
rospy.wait_for_service('filter_cloud')
```
We need to make the python file executable. In your terminal:
```
chmod +x filter_call/scripts/filter_call.py
```

Viewing Results¶

In your terminal, run
```
roscore
```
Source a new terminal and run the C++ filter service node
```
rosrun lesson_perception py_perception_node
```
Source a new terminal and run the python service caller node. Note your file path may be different.
```
rosrun filter_call filter_call.py _pcdfilename:="/home/ros-industrial/catkin_ws/table.pcd"
```
Source a new terminal and run rviz
```
rosrun rviz rviz
```
Add a new PointCloud2 in rviz
In global options, change the fixed frame to kinect_link, and in the PointCloud 2, select your topic to be ‘/perception_voxelGrid’

Note

You may need to uncheck and recheck the PointCloud2.

Implement Pass-Through Filters¶

In py_perception_node.cpp in the lesson_perception package, within main, uncomment these two lines as well as their intilizations on lines 28 and 29.
```
priv_nh_.param<double>("passThrough_max", passThrough_max_, 1.0f);
priv_nh_.param<double>("passThrough_min", passThrough_min_, -1.0f);
```

Update the switch to look as shown below:

switch (request.operation)
{

  case lesson_perception::FilterCloud::Request::VOXELGRID :
  {
    filtered_cloud = voxelGrid(cloud, 0.01);
    break;
  }
  case lesson_perception::FilterCloud::Request::PASSTHROUGH :
  {
    filtered_cloud = passThrough(cloud);
    break;
  }
  default :
  {
    ROS_ERROR("No valid request found");
    return false;
  }

}

Save and build

Edit the Python Code

Open the python node and copy paste the following code after the voxel grid, before the rospy.spin(). Keep care to maintain indents:

# =======================
# PASSTHROUGH FILTER
# =======================

srvp = rospy.ServiceProxy('filter_cloud', lesson_perception.srv.FilterCloud)
req = lesson_perception.srv.FilterCloudRequest()
req.pcdfilename = ''
req.operation = lesson_perception.srv.FilterCloudRequest.PASSTHROUGH
# FROM THE SERVICE, ASSIGN POINTS
req.input_cloud = res_voxel.output_cloud

# PACKAGE THE FILTERED POINTCLOUD2 TO BE PUBLISHED
res_pass = srvp(req)
print('response received')
if not res_voxel.success:
    raise Exception('Unsuccessful pass through filter operation')

# PUBLISH PASSTHROUGH FILTERED POINTCLOUD2
pub = rospy.Publisher('/perception_passThrough', PointCloud2, queue_size=1, latch=True)
pub.publish(res_pass.output_cloud)
print("published: pass through filter response")

Save and run from the terminal, repeating steps outlined for the voxel filter.

Within Rviz, compare PointCloud2 displays based on the /kinect/depth_registered/points (original camera data) and perception_passThrough (latest processing step) topics. Part of the original point cloud has been “clipped” out of the latest processing result.

When you are satisfied with the pass-through filter results, press Ctrl+C to kill the node. There is no need to close or kill the other terminals/nodes.

Plane Segmentation¶

This method is one of the most useful for any application where the object is on a flat surface. In order to isolate the objects on a table, you perform a plane fit to the points, which finds the points which comprise the table, and then subtract those points so that you are left with only points corresponding to the object(s) above the table. This is the most complicated PCL method we will be using and it is actually a combination of two: the RANSAC segmentation model, and the extract indices tool. An in depth example can be found on the PCL Plane Model Segmentation Tutorial; otherwise you can copy the below code snippet.

In py_perception_node.cpp, in main, uncomment the code below as well as their respective intilization parameters.

priv_nh_.param<double>("maxIterations", maxIterations_, 200.0f);
priv_nh_.param<double>("distThreshold", distThreshold_, 0.01f);

Update the switch statement in filterCallback to look as shown below:

switch (request.operation)
{

  case lesson_perception::FilterCloud::Request::VOXELGRID :
  {
    filtered_cloud = voxelGrid(cloud, 0.01);
    break;
  }
  case lesson_perception::FilterCloud::Request::PASSTHROUGH :
  {
    filtered_cloud = passThrough(cloud);
    break;
  }
  case lesson_perception::FilterCloud::Request::PLANESEGMENTATION :
  {
    filtered_cloud = planeSegmentation(cloud);
    break;
  }
  default :
  {
    ROS_ERROR("No valid request found");
    return false;
  }

}

Save and build

Edit the Python Code

Copy paste the following code in filter_call.py, after the passthrough filter section. Keep care to maintain indents:

# =======================
# PLANE SEGMENTATION
# =======================

srvp = rospy.ServiceProxy('filter_cloud', lesson_perception.srv.FilterCloud)
req = lesson_perception.srv.FilterCloudRequest()
req.pcdfilename = ''
req.operation = lesson_perception.srv.FilterCloudRequest.PLANESEGMENTATION
# FROM THE SERVICE, ASSIGN POINTS
req.input_cloud = res_pass.output_cloud

# PACKAGE THE FILTERED POINTCLOUD2 TO BE PUBLISHED
res_seg = srvp(req)
print('response received')
if not res_voxel.success:
    raise Exception('Unsuccessful plane segmentation operation')

# PUBLISH PLANESEGMENTATION FILTERED POINTCLOUD2
pub = rospy.Publisher('/perception_planeSegmentation', PointCloud2, queue_size=1, latch=True)
pub.publish(res_seg.output_cloud)
print("published: plane segmentation filter response")

Save and run from the terminal, repeating steps outlined for the voxel filter.

Within Rviz, compare PointCloud2 displays based on the /kinect/depth_registered/points (original camera data) and perception_planeSegmentation (latest processing step) topics. Only points lying above the table plane remain in the latest processing result.
1. When you are done viewing the results you can go back and change the ”setMaxIterations” and “setDistanceThreshold” parameter values to control how tightly the plane-fit classifies data as inliers/outliers, and view the results again. Try using values of maxIterations=100 and distThreshold=0.010
2. When you are satisfied with the plane segmentation results, use Ctrl+C to kill the node. There is no need to close or kill the other terminals/nodes.

Euclidian Cluster Extraction¶

This method is useful for any application where there are multiple objects. This is also a complicated PCL method. An in depth example can be found on the PCL Euclidean Cluster Extration Tutorial.

In py_perception_node.cpp main uncomment the following plus their intilization parameters.

priv_nh_.param<double>("clustTol", clustTol_, 0.01f);
priv_nh_.param<double>("clustMax", clustMax_, 10000.0);
priv_nh_.param<double>("clustMin", clustMin_, 300.0f);

Update the switch statement in filterCallback to look as shown below:

switch (request.operation)
{

  case lesson_perception::FilterCloud::Request::VOXELGRID :
  {
    filtered_cloud = voxelGrid(cloud, 0.01);
    break;
  }
  case lesson_perception::FilterCloud::Request::PASSTHROUGH :
  {
    filtered_cloud = passThrough(cloud);
    break;
  }
  case lesson_perception::FilterCloud::Request::PLANESEGMENTATION :
  {
    filtered_cloud = planeSegmentation(cloud);
    break;
  }
  case lesson_perception::FilterCloud::Request::CLUSTEREXTRACTION :
  {
    std::vector<pcl::PointCloud<pcl::PointXYZ>::Ptr> temp =clusterExtraction(cloud);
    if (temp.size()>0)
    {
      filtered_cloud = temp[0];
    }
    break;
  }
  default :
  {
    ROS_ERROR("No valid request found");
    return false;
  }

}

Save and build

Edit the Python Code

Copy paste the following code in filter_call.py after the plane segmentation section. Keep care to maintain indents:

# =======================
# CLUSTER EXTRACTION
# =======================

srvp = rospy.ServiceProxy('filter_cloud', lesson_perception.srv.FilterCloud)
req = lesson_perception.srv.FilterCloudRequest()
req.pcdfilename = ''
req.operation = lesson_perception.srv.FilterCloudRequest.CLUSTEREXTRACTION
# FROM THE SERVICE, ASSIGN POINTS
req.input_cloud = res_seg.output_cloud

# PACKAGE THE FILTERED POINTCLOUD2 TO BE PUBLISHED
res_cluster = srvp(req)
print('response received')
if not res_voxel.success:
    raise Exception('Unsuccessful cluster extraction operation')

# PUBLISH CLUSTEREXTRACTION FILTERED POINTCLOUD2
pub = rospy.Publisher('/perception_clusterExtraction', PointCloud2, queue_size=1, latch=True)
pub.publish(res_cluster.output_cloud)
print("published: cluster extraction filter response")

Save and run from the terminal, repeating steps outlined for the voxel filter.
1. When you are satisfied with the cluster extraction results, use Ctrl+C to kill the node. If you are done experimenting with this tutorial, you can kill the nodes running in the other terminals.

Future Study¶

The student is encouraged to convert Exercise 5.1 into callable functions and further refine the filtering operations.

Furthermore, for simplicity, the python code was repeated for each filtering instance. The student is encouraged to create a loop to handle the publishing instead of repeating large chunks of code. The student can also leverage the full functionality of the parameter handling instead of just using defaults, can set those from python. There are several more filtering operations not outlined here, if the student wants practice creating those function calls.